THEORY SYLLABUS
| Unit | Title | Chapters | Marks |
|---|---|---|---|
| VI | Reproduction |
1. Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants 2. Human Reproduction 3. Reproductive Health |
16 |
| VII | Genetics and Evolution |
4. Principles of Inheritance and Variation 5. Molecular Basis of Inheritance 6. Evolution |
20 |
| VIII | Biology and Human Welfare |
7. Human Health and Disease 8. Microbes in Human Welfare |
12 |
| IX | Biotechnology and its Applications |
9. Biotechnology: Principles and Processes 10. Biotechnology and its Applications |
12 |
| X | Ecology and Environment |
11. Organisms and Populations 12. Ecosystem 13. Biodiversity and Conservation |
10 |
| Total | 70 | ||
Unit-VI Reproduction
Chapter-1: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Flower structure; development of male and female gametophytes; pollination - types, agencies and examples; out breeding devices; pollen-pistil interaction; double fertilization; post fertilization events - development of endosperm and embryo, development of seed and formation of fruit; special modes- apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed dispersal and fruit formation.
Chapter-2: Human Reproduction
Male and female reproductive systems; microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; gametogenesis -spermatogenesis and oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation; pregnancy and placenta formation (elementary idea); parturition (elementary idea); lactation (elementary idea).
Chapter-3: Reproductive Health
Need for reproductive health and prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs); birth control - need and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP); amniocentesis; infertility and assisted reproductive technologies - IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (elementary idea for general awareness)
Unit-VII Genetics and Evolution
Chapter-4: Principles of Inheritance and Variation
Heredity and variation: Mendelian inheritance; deviations from Mendelism – incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups, pleiotropy; elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; chromosome theory of inheritance; chromosomes and genes; Sex determination - in humans, birds and honey bee; linkage and crossing over; sex linked inheritance - haemophilia, colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans - thalassemia; chromosomal disorders in humans; Down's syndrome, Turner's and Klinefelter's syndromes.
Chapter-5: Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central Dogma; transcription, genetic code, translation; gene expression and regulation - lac operon; Genome, Human and rice genome projects; DNA fingerprinting
Chapter-6: Evolution
Origin of life; biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidences); Darwin's contribution, modern synthetic theory of evolution; mechanism of evolution - variation (mutation and recombination) and natural selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy- Weinberg's principle; adaptive radiation; human evolution.
Unit-VIII Biology and Human Welfare
Chapter-7: Human Health and Disease
Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (malaria, dengue, chikungunya, filariasis, ascariasis, typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm) and their control; Basic concepts of immunology - vaccines; cancer, HIV and AIDS; Adolescence - drug and alcohol abuse.
Chapter-8: Microbes in Human Welfare
Microbes in food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and microbes as bio-control agents and bio-fertilizers. Antibiotics; production and judicious use.
Unit-IX Biotechnology and its Applications
Chapter-9: Biotechnology - Principles and Processes
Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology).
Chapter-10: Biotechnology and its Applications
Application of biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, stem cell technology, gene therapy; genetically modified organisms - Bt crops; transgenic animals; biosafety issues, biopiracy and patents.
Unit-X Ecology and Environment
Chapter-11: Organisms and Populations
Population interactions - mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; population attributes - growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution.
Chapter-12: Ecosystem
Ecosystems: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; energy flow; pyramids of number, biomass, energy.
Chapter-13: Biodiversity and Conservation
Biodiversity-Concept, patterns, importance; loss of biodiversity; biodiversity conservation; hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, Sacred Groves, biosphere reserves, national parks, wildlife, sanctuaries and Ramsar sites.
The following topics are included in the syllabus but will be assessed only formatively to reinforce understanding without adding to summative assessments. The reduces academic stress while ensuring meaningful learning. Schools can integrate these with existing chapters as they align well. Relevant NCERT textual material is enclosed for reference. Environmental Issues (available as a part of CBSE Reading Material): Air pollution and its control, Water pollution and its control, Solid Wastes, Agro-chemicals and their effects, Radioactive wastes, Greenhouse effect and global warming, Ozone depletion in the stratosphere, Degradation by improper resource utilization and maintenance, deforestation.
Get the Reading Material for Class-12 Biology by CBSE here: Class 12 Biology Reading Material PDF
PRACTICAL SYLLABUS
| Sl. No. | Evaluation Scheme | Marks |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | One Major Experiment (Expt. no.: 5) | 5 |
| 2 | One Minor Experiment (Expt. no.: 2 & 3) | 4 |
| 3 | Slide Preparation (Expt. no.: 1 & 4) | 5 |
| 4 | Spotting | 7 |
| 5 | Practical Record + Viva (Credit to the student’s work over the academic session may be given) | 4 |
| 6 | Investigatory Project and its Project Record + Viva Voce (Credit to the student’s work over the academic session may be given) | 5 |
| Total | 30 | |
A. List of Experiments
1. Prepare a temporary mount to observe pollen germination. 2. Study the plant population density by quadrat method. 3. Study the plant population frequency by quadrat method. 4. Prepare a temporary mount of onion root tip to study mitosis. 5. Isolate DNA from available plant material such as spinach, green pea seeds, papaya, banana etc.
B. Study and observe the following (Spotting):
1. Flowers adapted to pollination by different agencies (wind, insects, birds). 2. Pollen germination on stigma through a permanent slide or scanning electron micrograph. 3. Identification of stages of gamete development, i.e., T.S. of testis and T.S. of ovary through permanent slides (from grasshopper/mice). 4. Meiosis in onion bud cell or grasshopper testis through permanent slides. 5. T.S. of blastula through permanent slides (Mammalian). 6. Mendelian inheritance using seeds of different colour/sizes of any plant. 7. Prepared pedigree charts of any one of the genetic traits such as rolling of tongue, blood groups, ear lobes, widow's peak and colour blindness. 8. Controlled pollination - emasculation, tagging and bagging. 9. Common disease causing organisms like Ascaris, Entamoeba, Plasmodium, any fungus causing ringworm through permanent slides, models or virtual images or specimens. Comment on symptoms of diseases that they cause. 10. Models specimens showing symbiotic association in lichens, root nodules of leguminous plants, and parasitic mode of nutrition shown by Cuscuta on host. 11. Flash cards / models showing examples of homologous and analogous organs.
1. Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants 2. Human Reproduction 3. Reproductive Health 4. Principles of Inheritance and Variation 5. Molecular Basis of Inheritance 6. Evolution 7. Human Health and Disease 8. Microbes in Human Welfare 9. Biotechnology : Principles and Processes 10. Biotechnology and its Applications 11. Organisms and Populations 12. Ecosystem 13. Biodiversity and ConservationClass 12 Biology NCERT Book PDF Chapter-wise Download
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